The Foix and Couserans in the Encyclopedia of Diderot and d'Alembert
Michel Begon December 2003
Encyclopedia Dictionary of the Sciences, Arts and Crafts was the most brilliant editorial success of the 18th century French, with thousands of subscribers and possibly hundreds of thousands of readers. The publication lasted from 1751 to 1778, under the direction of the philosopher Denis Diderot and the mathematician Jean d'Alembert, which, however, retired early, and the Chevalier Louis de Jaucourt. This was the seminal work of philosophical party, attacked by the Jesuits, banned by the king, secretly printed abroad, often censored by his publisher pusillanimous, but whose views contributed much to the ideology of the French Revolution.
However, the County of Foix appears in the Encyclopedia as the exemplary case of a courageous country, which under the royal oppression and tyranny of the Church was able to resist the voice of freedom of thought. It is true that the Chevalier Louis de Jaucourt (who signs his articles DJ) wrote in a thousand entries, including all those attending the Languedoc, Ariege countries or Couserans, and he was Protestant, so informed harassment, arrests and convictions damning his coreligionists. The execution of three brothers in Toulouse Grenier date of 1762. Calas and Sirven affairs, mobilizing Voltaire, also occurred in 1762, however, that the deportations continued reforms to royal galleys. We will read below excerpts of the many contributions of Jaucourt with their features reveal his wit and his resentment.
If the question appears predominant religion is that the Catholic Church in France was economic hegemony, with the property about a quarter of land, and maintained the monarchy in its moral and financial dependence, by lending him money and giving it the annual "free gift", a small fraction (0.7%) of his income, that Pierre Goubert estimated to total 150 million pounds by the end of the ancien regime. This is also the refusal in 1788 of this "free gift" in retaliation against the Edict of Toleration of 1787 made in favor of Protestants, that psychologically trigger the Revolution. Every effort ideological philosophical movement was to break the economic and financial power of the Church, what it feels like home Jaucourt clearly.
His interest in country Ariège function seems they took the major role in religious conflict, since the Cathars until the Revolution. By comparison, the cities of Carcassonne and Castelnaudary, which he finds nothing spice to write, do not call on his part and a brief mention poor.
That our author belongs to the nobility does not change the thing. It's a common mistake to believe that the revolution will first anti-aristocratic, while it has among its main leaders of the people nobility, but anti-clerical: the Marquis de Lafayette, the duc de Talleyrand Perigord, Count of Mirabeau, the Marquis de Condorcet, Count Barras and Napoleon Bonaparte .... Moreover, it is not as Protestants that the Jansenists, including Abbe Sieyes and the Abbe Gregoire, who bear the heaviest blows to the Church.
seems Jaucourt never traveled to the Pyrenees and uses mostly bookish sources. Therefore, perhaps, there is little reference to the geography and proceeds through many allusions, as if the reader was already informed of things. After 250 years, his texts become increasingly difficult to interpret. So we thought it appropriate to accompany notes to be reported below by the two letters NB "nota bene" (note well).
samples due to the Encyclopedia of Louis Jaucourt
Languedoc
is a country of states and at the same time the province of the kingdom where the clergy is the largest and richest. Indeed, there are three archbishops and twenty bishops. This country is generally fertile in grains, fruits and wines. Its natural history is very curious for its mineral waters, its plants, fossils, its marble quarries, mines of turquoise and other singularities.
Trade in this province, which consists mainly of commodities and manufactures of silk, linen and small woolen fabrics, is a considerable trade, but it is important to make it more prosperous, by stopping arbitrary rules established under the names of fair dealing and trafficking Crown. [Note: these are excise taxes].
It is another deputy interior in Languedoc, where the rich keep secret and which should eventually bring great harm to this beautiful province. Goods have increased in value, as the progress of commerce, either inside or outside, have raised the price of food ... The Boatswain, farmers, workers, peasants, are in a less happy than in other provinces who pay more [taxes]. The reason of so extraordinary a fact apparently is that the price of day, chores, is increased in proportion to the point of food. It is in many places of this province only ten soils, like a hundred years ago. Landowners, by virtue of a personal interest misunderstood, do not want to imagine that they would use the people for a profit, that also ease without it there can be no emulation, no progress culture, etc..
NB: if it is derogatory, the diagnosis is based Jaucourt. It will be developed and refined around 1965 by Emmanuel Leroy-Ladurie in his Peasants of Languedoc. Population growth on the barrier abutting property and rent property, including Church since the clergy has the third ground, the surplus of labor leads to depression of wages and enriches the owners but pauperizes producers. "After 1600, notes the historian, the victory of Catholicism is inseparable from a certain rise of feudal society." Of course, this feeds the economic blockade of anticlericalism Encyclopedists. To a large extent, explains the current underdevelopment of the countries of Ariege, whose son of poor sharecroppers choose exile in Paris and the Americas.
Toulouse
Although there is no city in the kingdom more advantageously situated for trade than Toulouse, he does not actually yet almost 'no. The genius of the people wear them when they are easy to acquire loads of dress, or to aim at capitoulat thence comes as Toulouse, one of the largest cities in the kingdom, is one of the poorest and most depopulated His ... bishopric was erected into an archbishopric by Pope John XXII and it is a benefit of 80 thousand pounds annuity.
Sub Raymond V, Count of Toulouse, was raised in this city a court of inquisition about the Albigensian heresy and soon shook the court that even the most innocent people, the upheaval was so great that they were obliged to abolish it, but what is strange is that he left the remains, because one side of Mr. Montchal, archbishop of Toulouse, was given the right to examine whether the election of sheriffs, there is nobody who is suspected of heresy and other Dominicans continue to be filled by the king of a religious order of the office of inquisitor of Toulouse, because there are some pledges attached to such office ...
NB: if you count the book for more 200 francs (30 €), earnings arch-bishop of Toulouse in 1760 amounted to more than 16 million francs (€ 2.5 million) per year. A cardinal received 36,000 pounds. Probably he was a civil list, which the prelate had to pay his servants. But in terms of gross domestic product, which was only a small fraction of current GDP, the importance of these annuities is considerable. It is the system of ecclesiastical commendation, by which the king appointed the burden on one of his favorites, who did not reside there and not the actual flying.
NB: thus dominated by idle rentiers soil, the city of Toulouse remain conservative and depressed until the 20th century. Is the state that converts to the industry by creating, in 1924, the National Interprofessional Office of nitrogen (ONIA) and installing, for strategic reasons, aircraft construction.
County of Foix
County of Foix Toulouse is on the east, the Couserans the west, County Cominges north, the Pyrenees and the Roussillon in the south. The county can boast of having given birth to Bayle. He was born at Carlat November 8, 1647, and died in Rotterdam, pen in hand December 28, 1706: a historical dictionary is the first book of this kind of reasoning, where one can learn to think.
NB Jaucourt made Pierre Bayle, philosopher and Protestant, the positive hero of the County of Foix. Sentenced to death for apostasy, the grounds for returning to the Reformation after converting to Catholicism, the author of Thoughts on the Comet and the Historical and Critical Dictionary is the recognized precursor of the Encyclopedia.
Moreover, comments from the Encyclopedia on the work of Bayle were so scattered in its 10,000 pages, for fear of ecclesiastical thunders, they are virtually untraceable.
Ariège (the)
River of France, which has its source in the Pyrenees Foix and passes Pamiers, and flows into the Garonne. She rolls with the sand for gold dust.
NB: the department of Ariege have been created in 1790, remains Jaucourt the Ariege river. Yet he allows himself deceived by the false etymology Latin toponym related to "aurum," gold. In fact the four names of the Ariege, the Arget, of Arize and Val d'Aran seem rather to relate to the root Vascony 'ar', meaning valley. The earliest known record is a text of 817, which refers to the "Fluvius Ariege.
Foix
In Latin Fuxum; small town in France, capital of the county of the same name, which is a particular government in Upper Languedoc. She is on the pedestrian Auziège the Pyrenees, between Pamiers and Tarascon.
NB: Spelling suggest that fantasies Jaucourt could not read the galley proofs made in Switzerland.
Pamiers or Pamiez
In modern Latin Apamia; city in France in the Haut Languedoc, the country of Foix, with bishop suffragan of Toulouse, erected in 1296. This city has often been sacked and contains little that three thousand souls. She is on three sites Auriègue N Foix.
NB suffragan means subordinate.
Mazères
In Latin Castrum Mazeris, a small city in France in the county of Foix, the counts of Foix there had formerly a castle where they made their home.
Saverdun
City of France in Foix, Ariège on. It once belonged to the Counts of Toulouse and was then an important place. She supported the war Albigensian seat against Simon de Montfort and forced him to retire with loss. Benedict XII, born in Saverdun, where his father was a miller, religion became Cistercian, was elected pope in Avignon in 1334 and died there in 1342. He followed the example of John XXII, by filing new bubbles Emperor Louis of Bavaria and depriving him of all his movable and immovable property. He believed also to have a constitution on the state of souls after death, a fact that there was nothing about a decision, since his predecessor himself sitting on his pontifical chair, wanted to establish a very different opinion on the beatific vision, and this opinion was received into the Church without the University of Paris, which formally opposed.
Mas d'Azil
Mansium Azilii, a small town in France dismantled by the County of Foix, in a beautiful valley on the torrent of the Rise, 3 miles Pamiers and 4 M . Lizier of Conserans [Note: 1 mile = 4 km]. It was formerly very populous, but it offers only Mazures since the revocation of the Edict Nantes.
NB: Le Mas d'Azil was a Protestant stronghold seat until 1625, that Marshal Thémines had to get up, and until the Peace of Alès in 1629, which ordered the Treaty the destruction of its walls, including the cave.
Mirepoix
small city in France in the Languedoc-up, with a suffragan bishop of Toulouse, worth eighteen thousand francs a year and having that 145 parishes. This city is named in the low Latin Mirapicum, Mirapis castrum. It was a hard place and a parade County of Foix, at the beginning of the thirteenth century. The Crusaders took it and gave it to Guy de Lévis, one of their main leaders, so that Mirepoix has remained since then in the same house. She is on the Gers, 6 miles NE of Foix, 16 SE of Toulouse, 172 SW of Paris.
Conserans or Couserans
small country of France in Gascony, bounded by the county of Foix, and Comminges Catalonia.
Lizier S.
Lycerius Sanctus and Austria in ancient times, ancient city of France in Guienne, capital of Couserans with suffragan bishop of Auch. She took the name of S. Lizier, one of its bishops, who died in 752. The diocese has only eighty-two parishes and is worth 18,000 livres to his prelate. Only in the twelfth century, the bishops of this city have left the name bishops Austrie. S. Lizier is about prayer, 7 miles of Pamiers, 20 SE Auch, 175 SW of Paris.
Salat (the)
River of France in the Languedoc. It has its source at the top of the Pyrenees, the mountain of Salau, passage of Spain, runs County Conserans and finally empties into the Garonne in Four. This river, like the Ariege, roll a few small flakes of gold, but poor farmers from around S. Girons deal to pick up, but they draw just enough to live.
Volvestre
small country of France in the Languedoc, in the diocese of Rieux, this name could come from one of the little river of Flight, which runs through part of the diocese of Rieux.
Rieux
In modern Latin Rivi; city in France, in High Languedoc, on the small River Rise, which runs a little below the Garonne. The meeting of several rivers, which join at this point, it has probably given the name of Rieux. It was remarkable that his diocese, erected by Pope John XXII in 1317, he was a bishop of the monastery and gave it to Cardinal Rabastin, formerly Bishop of Pamiers.
The diocese is now twenty-five thousand francs and his diocese has 90 parishes, three monasteries of men and girls. The diocese of Rieux includes part of the old country Volvestre, which belonged to the Count of Toulouse. The chapter of the cathedral church of Rieux is composed of 4 and 12 canonries dignities. This city is 10 miles south-west of Toulouse and 35 to the west of Narbonne.
Rieux is the top-Languedoc is the home of Baron (Vincent) Dominican Republic: the good monk afflicted the loosening of morals, wrote several books and among others to restore his "ethica Christiana 'printed in Paris in 1666, 2 vols. in 8 °, but this morality fails to the court of Rome, despite the approval of the master of the sacred palace, which was filed and the Congregation of the Index condemned the book. I also condemn, because it is purely scholastic. F. Baron died in Paris in 1674, aged 70.
*
The picture painted by date Jaucourt course half of the 18th century. It is filled with religious fury, which will result in 1789 on the abolition of ecclesiastical and annuities in 1792 on the Civil War. Our author, having judged inappropriate as city named a saint or a saint (he explains in his article "Saint"), retains only their own name and reduces the sanctification of Catholic single letter S. Therefore we find mention of the capital to Couserans Lizier S. and perhaps also why Saint-Girons disappeared with all hands from Dictionary. It is also true that the current capital of Couserans has taken off with the abolition of the bishopric of St. Lizier and industrialization of the 19th century.
By censoring the history of the Albigensian heresy was entrusted to the Abbe Edme-François Mallet (who signed G), denoted by the Sorbonne and imposed on publishers. Both the notice relating to the Albigenses, from his pen, is it a violent theological condemnation of the Cathars, it merges with the followers of Peter Waldo Lyon preacher, the better to wilt. Indeed, the Waldenses, or followers of Waldo, rallied reform Calvin and still exist in Italy, while there is no progeny Cathars, also disappeared from the 14th century, Protestantism later. Abbe Mallet therefore tackles mostly heresy remained threatening. No mention appears in his writing of Montsegur, but the glorification "execution of Cabrières Mérindol and (in the Luberon) which completely remove the remains of this sect which no longer knows the name." This is the massacre in 1545 against the Waldenses, who joined the Reformation of Calvin, but not those that we now call the Cathars (the Pure), since the Protestant pastor of Napoleon Peyrat Bordes-sur Arize, the rehabilitation in the 19th century, with the success we know. In extolling the strength of the Crusaders Languedoc Simon de Montfort, Jaucourt contradicts Abbe Mallet and prefigures the pastor Peyrat. Strange continuities of history!
As for the geography of the Encyclopedia, it remained that of the Old Regime and yet knew that the towns of the Middle Ages or the four dioceses of the time, three of which abolished the Revolution. Developed only in the 19th century by the industry or Saint-Girons, nor Lavelanet nor Tarascon-sur-Ariege are mentioned. Owe their rise to modern tourism, or Ax-les-Thermes nor Aulus-les-Bains n'émargent to the Encyclopedia.
course, the rock art and megalithic art are ignored, having been discovered in the 19th and even 20th centuries. No mention is made either of the peaks of the Pyrenees, as the mountains were still passing for horror sites and popular tourist altitude should begin at the end of the 18th century in the Alps. Moreover, the supplement of the Encyclopedia states that Langres is "the point of France's most high" (sic), because at the intersection of three river basins.
Moreover Jaucourt clearly indicates that these people he told of "Occitania "Does not speak the language of oil, even if it does not extend much on the subject language, which remained sensitive to the present. He knows the originality of the cadets, he notes, citing the Alexandrian geographer Ptolemy, they descend from Basques. It marks the very special language, which is the Basque way of confusing letters B and V, such as English.
And to quote the good word of the humanist Protestant Scaliger, a native of Agen "populist Felices quibus vivere Biber [happy people, for whom drinking is to live].
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