Lacanal cons Lakanal
Michel Begon March 1999
The Arget, which arises from the peak of Fontfrède to 1600 meters on the northeastern flank of the massif of Arize, drains the whole valley and empties into Barguillière Ariège, just below the castle of Foix. His entire watershed was once a large industrial area where Catalan forges said heated the iron ore Rance, with the charcoal of high forests of the Consulate and hammered metal ingots still glowing with hammers driven by its rapid stream, where, in every hamlet, nail shops and manufacturing of agricultural implements this iron worked just purified of its carbon residues, where small manufactures carded and spun wool transhumant herds before the coarse weave linen. However, the rural exodus, exiling or Paris to Toulouse poorest Ariégeois, eventually converting the mountainous Barguillière solely tourism. Everything is calm and beauty, but the industry has completely disappeared.
Serres-sur-Arget was still beginning of the century, a parish of some 1,500 inhabitants, with his forge, his spinning, his mill, his wheelwrights, its nailers, its millers and five grocery stores. Witness to its ancient splendor, the Romanesque church retains an apse of 1085. This is just a quiet hamlet close to a ledge overlooking the Arget and hedged in the return of forests.
Early modern sports hall, however, a bronze medallion of Joseph Lakanal and displays its currency in the form of Alexandrine verse: "He who can think can not be a slave." The revolutionary was born in the parish in 1762, the hamlet of Puget.
Without doubt one of the most famous strains of Ariégeois of Paris, with that of Gabriel Fauré, whose quintet we heard the muffled beat of the hammers Arget, the family has not stopped Lacanal make headlines national, to the contemporary period included, but in an explosion of hatred.
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son of a poor brewer, Paul worked as a forger and Lacanal nail in the valley Barguillière, then settled as a blacksmith, making himself quite know to acquire some property, including a mill with three wheels on Arget. The family was very Catholic, Paul's brother, named John, was a priest and vicar of Ganac. His wife Marguerite Modeste Lacanal Paul had five children, first a daughter, also named Margaret, who married her at home to St Martin's Caralp; then four son, Jean-Baptiste, Jerome, John and Joseph, one can describe as terrible children. All the boys did the studies, which took them far and even in Paris! According to tradition, the younger Joseph destination for the priesthood, as he was his uncle John.
Born July 14, 1762, Joseph was baptized Lacanal Bernard Font, rector of Serres, which was also the tutor of the four boys, teaching them, from an early age, French and Latin.
However, the year 1762, the kingdom of France shook with thunder, heralding the revolutionary storm. Since the Fronde, Judicial robe and particularly the Parliament of Paris maintained the guerrillas against the Party and devout Jesuit order, facilitating the movement Gallican and Jansenist or even supporting Voltaire. What people blamed mostly dress the order of Jesus was to monopolize education and to profess ideas obsolete, such as pre-Copernican cosmography. However, in 1762, they obtained the king's expulsion of the Jesuits in the kingdom and the conversion of their schools in the Royal Colleges. Historian Michael Chaunu not hesitate to see in this first secularization of education the founding of National Education.
The battle of ideas was engaged primarily on science and education. The same year, 1762, Diderot and d'Alembert could resume to the Paris edition of the Encyclopaedia, Dictionary of the sciences, arts and crafts, despite the ban imposed in 1759 by Pope Clement XIII, but thanks to the discreet protection of Chancellor Chretien de Malesherbes. The same year, 1762, Jean-Jacques Rousseau published his novel teaching "Emile or Education, recommending to train young people away from society through education sensory, manual, intellectual and moral. It was in this atmosphere that the brothers passionate Lacanal were themselves educated and, throughout his life he remained faithful to the memory and the ideas of Rousseau.
moral victor, the Jansenists, encyclopedias and Voltaireans were not only in Paris. County of Foix showed himself an efficient relay their subversive doctrines. Already in the 17th century, against the absolutism of Louis XIV, Bishop Francis Pamiers Caulet and the whole chapter appaméen campaigned for the doctrine of Jansen, bishop of Ypres. However, Bernard Font, the tutor was Lacanal brothers, it seems, Jansenist, and educates the young Joseph to the rigors of the Augustinian. Ironmasters, that dominated economically metallurgical industries of the Ariege and politically the county of Foix, is showing themselves earned by philosophers since the Marquis de Gudannes, owner of the iron mines of Rance (in Vicdessos) and many Catalan forges, was a close friend of Voltaire and Diderot. Its castle, you can still see at Chateau-Verdun, near Les Cabannes, is it not the reply, unexpected for the Ariege, a Paris hotel?
For there continued his studies, the rector of Serres-sur-Arget Font Bernard recommended the young Joseph College Sliver of Toulouse, held that the Fathers of Christian Doctrine. The student took the habit of the order. Then he did his novitiate in Lectoure in Gascony, where he was even from the age of 15, Regent of a grammar school. His early talent and quick mastery of Latin as the Greek called it already, in the opinion of the Fathers, to a high destiny. From the age of 16, he was seen at Moissac professor, then a year later, in Castelnaudary. At 18, he was given a class in rhetoric at Perigueux. At 20, he was received Doctor of Arts degree from the University Angers. In 1785, he taught rhetoric at Bourges in 1786 then philosophy and physics at Moulins. All her years of teaching were also for her years of study, it did acquire the immense erudition which later surprised his colleagues in politics.
of letters he was versed in Greek and Latin classics, Joseph Lacanal became a scientific spirit, which focused on the work of Lavoisier and Lagrange.
Lacanal But Father Paul died in 1782 leaving a legacy valued at 11,454 pounds by the notary Seguier of Foix, bequests shared equally between his daughter and his four son. Joseph Lacanal inherited land in Serres, he farmed out first, then sell him by the rector Bernard Font his brother Jean-Baptiste Lacanal lawyer in Paris and prosecutor. His other brothers were one, Jerome, professor of experimental physics in Paris, the other John, a surgeon at Serres-sur-Arget.
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The revolution of 1789 fractured the old First Church building Catholic succession by the secularization of Church property and the civil constitution of the clergy. But those events would remain incomprehensible if we do remembered the struggles that consumed her since the Middle Ages, between, on one hand, clerics and holders commendams profits on suspicion of simony by their peers or selfishness, and, secondly, the reformist clerics, such as Saint Francis of Assisi, Savonarola or Jansenists more concerned with austerity and exemplary dedication. Should, at the risk of caricature, recognize there Conservatives and liberals? Number of priests among the privileged Upper clergy were hostile to any reform of the Church and even the Edict of Tolerance of Protestants (1787). But other priests of the middle and lower clergy marched with Encyclopedists, let us mention the Abbe Mably, Abbe Condillac, Abbe Sieyes and frightening cure Meslier. It is indeed they who decided the fate of the revolution, in the assembly of the States General, by joining members of the Third Estate and passing the civil constitution of the clergy. No doubt they saw this revolution in the chance of a moral reformation of the Church, which does not prevail, however, that Vatican II. The Bishop of Autun, Charles de Talleyrand-Perigord, presided over the celebration of the Federation, July 14, 1790, the Champ de Mars in Paris. Father Gregory was one of the highest revolutionary figures, he adopted the abolition of slavery and the legalization of the Jewish religion.
short, the Church Constitution was made, until the coup d'état of 18 Brumaire, one of the spearheads of the revolution. In enthusiasm Liberal Lacanal Joseph was ordained a priest May 12, 1791 in the Cathedral of Tarbes, and signed shortly after the civil constitution of the clergy. No doubt he wanted to answer the call of his old tutor, Bernard Font. But he will pretend never to have served the Mass ...
Since 1790, Vadier did create the department of Ariege. As a corollary, the division of the department among the four dioceses of Rieux, St. Lizier, Mirepoix and Pamiers ended. The new diocese of Bishop Pamiers was removed from Argoult aristocrat emigrated. On April 4, 1791, the college electoral meeting in Pamiers elected Bishop Bernard Font constitutional majority of votes. And the rector of Serres-sur-Arget that his condition was commoner had to maintain the lower clergy, acceded to the episcopal dignity through democratic suffrage of citizens. Installed May 22, 1791, Bishop soon to call him, as episcopal vicar, Joseph Lacanal just ordained. Slander told that Joseph was the natural son of the new bishop ...
Font Bishop and his Vicar Lacanal had charge of a diocese furiously divided up the end of the civil war between the priests' jurors, who took an oath to the Republic, and refractory priests, supported by a faction of followers, including the elder brothers of Joseph. When, on 1 September 1791, was elected Bishop Font also a member of the legislature, he delegated his powers to his diocesan vicars, including Joseph Lacanal who exposed himself at the forefront of religious war. So the four brothers Lacanal split between the two camps, three against one.
To spend anyway his pastoral duties, Bishop prayed Font Lacanal replace Paris, as a member of the Ariege in the National Convention. Then, the Republic urging priests to marry, the better to break with Rome, married a fuxéenne Bishop, Marianne Duran, although he was then 75 years old. In 1797, he was able to assemble a synod of 82 Pamiers ariégeois priests, faithful to the revolution. On September 21, 1797, the first day of the sixth year, he participated in the Notre Dame de Paris, returned to worship after the Terror a Temple of Reason, the national council of the Gallican Church, chaired by Father Gregory. There was report on the use of the vernacular in the liturgy. However, this council voted to insubordination to the authority of the Pope, who in 1791 condemned the Civil Constitution of clergy and priests excommunicated oath to the public authority. Subsequently, Pope Pius VI saw the French armies invade the States and was arrested in 1798 by General Berthier, on the order of the Board, to die in Valencia in 1799. Font Bishop himself died on October 1 in Pamiers.
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In June 1791, the flight of King Louis XVI and his family stopped at Varennes-en-Argonne (Meuse), the monarchy disrepute. As the legislature had been elected for one year and suffrage, universal suffrage was first called to the polls in the summer of 1792. Met in primary assemblies in all 27 cantons Ariège, citizens elected him 395 electoral votes, which met on 2 September, in a parish church of Saint-Girons, in turn to elect the five members of the Ariege in the National Convention . Densely populated at the time, our department had 5 representatives; now depopulated, the fact that retains 2!
Highest elected with the largest number of votes, were, in order, Marc Vadier Pamiers, Jean Baptiste Clausel, Lavelanet, Capmartin, Saint-Girons, Expert, Mirepoix. The last elected, with only four votes more than the required majority, was Joseph Lacanal that had the constitutional bishop of Pamiers.
Ariège, which already displayed among the departments of France to the left, clearly a preferred Marc Vadier as extremist, future leader of the Terror in Pamiers, a priest and professor, supposedly moderate.
But moderate, was he really? Raised in Jansenism, enamored of Rousseau scientism-loving, young Lacanal was already the prototype of the intellectual left. Did he believe in God? It is known Freemason. Hostile to opportunism and despising the corrupt money, we will see true to his ideas until death. But for now he appeared physically like a beautiful athlete of 30 years, tall, hair in the neck, pleasing the ladies, which he paid tribute willingly.
His family is very Catholic and royalist opinion loathed already seeing this in a cadet and a defrocked priest thurifer new ideas. It is said that his brothers to stop wearing the accursed name of Lacanal Puget called themselves, as the hamlet of their parents and their children in Serres-sur-Arget.
Joseph gave them much since, either, would no longer bear the same name as his brothers. He changed the spelling of his name, substituting a C K original. So we call it Lakanal now. But why introduce the K in the name of a language of oc?
This letter comes from the "kappa" Greek. Its use in the Latin language had already noted a Hellenism that the Latin Church has not kept. The Encyclopedia of Diderot discourages its use. The French as it wrote in 1789 there little recourse except to transcribe foreign words. But the Republic repudiated Rome and began the school of the Greeks. Rome was for her religion, and Greece was Science. So Hellenism was fashionable. David painted Leonidas at Thermopylae. We embroidered hangings of "Greek." It would no longer form neologism on the Greek model: high school rather than college, Zoology in place of beasts, instead of metric units of measurement, with each kilometer and kilogram etc.. Lacanal Hellenized Lakanal thus its name. A famous couplet of Victor Hugo, we keep track of this conversion semantics about the reversal of the First Consul to Rome, from 1801:
"This century was two years old. Rome replacing Sparta.
Already under Napoleon Bonaparte betrayed. "
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Joseph Lakanal would never again see the Ariege. Arriving in Paris Sept. 18, 1792, he took his seat in the Convention, 20, on the banks of the Montagnards, the 21, it voted to abolish the monarchy, and 22, the proclamation of the Republic. In December, the king's trial began.
Louis XVI was accused of acts of high treason, according to documents found, during flight, in his "iron box": not only have money to corrupt many politicians, which Mirabeau, not only for its concerted evasion with foreign powers (the Swedish King Gustav III, who was the lover of the Queen, was approved at the border the Royal train), but most have spent at Austria's war plans France.
The 5 MPs voted Ariège death with the majority of the Convention. Described later as "conventional regicide," will pay dearly Lakanal execution of the monarch.
When Robespierre was elected president of the Convention, August 22 1793, Lakanal became one of three secretaries. Nevertheless, he knew no Robespierrists with which he disapproved of the brutal methods, he does not sat the general public Hi Committee, which consisted in fact the Government, but the Committee on Public Education which, through its personal authority and his teaching experience, he soon became the dominant element. In this strategic position, he does something great and decisive that France today still bears the imprint, including:
institution of Artistic Property and literary (Decrees 1793 and 1795);
foundation in the Constitution of Year III of the National Institute, Institute of France today, with three sectors at the time. Lakanal soon became a member;
the creation of public education, primary and free at the expense of the state, with one school per thousand inhabitants (decree of 28 Brumaire Year III);
the creation of 19 central schools, high schools are now known;
The creation of the Ecole Normale Superieure said today (Decree of 9 Brumaire Year III);
The creation of the School of Oriental Languages (Decree of 10 Germinal Year III);
creation of the National Museum of Natural History (Decree of June 10, 1793);
The creation of the optical telegraph, with the support of Claude Chappe Lakanal;
Creation Bureau des Longitudes, etc..
During his tenure, from January 1794 Lakanal was sent as representative on mission in Bergerac, to oversee the departments of Lot, Lot-et-Garonne, Gironde and Dordogne, after removal of the Girondins of the Convention in October 1793. Some believe he was married. But the coup of 9 Thermidor, sending Robespierre to the scaffold or in prison, went unmolested.
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In 1795, Joseph Lakanal was some time representative in the Convention's mission to the departments of Oise and Seine-et-Marne. In Château des Condé in Chantilly, he made an inventory of property and archives of the famous princely dynasty, which formerly gave two leaders to the Protestant party, 1 and Henry Louis 1 of Conde, then the Grand Condé and Louis II, aka the winner Rocroi in 1643, then Louis-Joseph de Conde, the organizer against France in the army of emigrants, also known as Coblenz or Conde. Lakanal wrote a report to the Convention remained famous and it was later, during the Restoration, complained bitterly:
"I accomplished my mission by seizing the papers of this illustrious brigand called Grand Condé. "
When the National Convention completed its mandate October 26, 1795, giving France the republican Constitution of Year III, Lakanal could not get re-elected in Ariège the Council of Five Hundred. The ingratitude of his small country away in the final. But had he sufficiently pampered? He was so focused on the supplementary list of members of Finistère.
Among the Five Hundred, he continued his? WORKING legislative department of education. Among his Report to the Council of Five Hundred on the instruction Public meeting on 23 Messidor Year IV. But the draw him aside, May 19, 1797, this parliamentary assembly.
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was the Managing Board, with Barras to power. Speculation swelled few fortunes, speculators were being built beautiful hotels, misery overwhelmed the people. Jean-Baptiste Lacanal elder brother of the MP, then had his moment of glory, while similarly, Marc Vadier was jailed for colluding with the "Society of Equals" Gracchus Babeuf.
But first a reminder of Medieval Archaeology. The facade of the Gothic cathedrals of the 12th and 13th centuries stands as a high altarpiece carved, facing west and decorated spandrels of gables, colonnades and a gallery of kings. The gallery of Notre Dame de Paris has 28 statues still larger than life, depicting the kings of Judah and Israel, the ancestors of Christ. But the facade that we see today has been completely redone, the Second Empire, by Viollet-le-Duc ...
In the second year of the Republic, the kings were more than tyrants. On 27 October 1793, the Paris Commune, the headquarters of the Sans-Culotte, ordered their slaughter symbolic. They passed ropes around the necks of the kings of rock, they were drawn from below, to make them fall on the pavement, where they broke into pieces. The debris was left behind. Then an entrepreneur named Bertrand bought the stones in 1796.
That's when the lawyer Jean-Baptiste Lacanal visibly enriched, built himself a hotel, now gone, Rue de la Chaussee d'Antin. Since the contractor thought Bertrand used the stones of Notre Dame, Lacanal in fervent Catholic, acquired to protect them from being reduced to lime. According to custom, sacred objects should not be destroyed, but burned or buried. So Lacanal buried in the courtyard of his house, 21 heads of the kings of Israel and Judah, face against the ground and turned south. Then he had to give this hotel to General Moreau. They forgot this sacred trust for 180 years.
In April 1977, while digging the foundations, we rediscovered the kings of the 13th century. Meanwhile, Viollet-le-Duc had been replaced by imitations. These heads, slightly chipped, but majestic, are currently on display at the National Museum of the Middle Ages, in the Hotel de Cluny, where you can admire them.
In October 1998, the bank Natexis, which had kept one of them, donated to the Museum.
This discovery in turn made the elder brother of famous member of the Ariege. But it is wrong to sections of Archaeology spell his name with a K, since Joseph K chooses precisely to oppose John the Baptist.
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However entrusted to the Executive Joseph Lakanal an inspection mission in the new French departments on the left bank of the Rhine for a long stay he spent many studies, including writing a treatise on economics policy, we lost track.
When being overtaken by the scandal, for their enormous diversion of funds intended for armies, statesmen, civil servants, military and dubious purveyors entrusted to the clan Corsican Napoleon and Lucien Bonaparte execution a coup that by eliminating the Republicans honest, give them all their power and stifle civil or criminal liability. History repeats itself, since a similar situation has tied these days!
Unlike a lot of opportunists, Joseph Lakanal does not rallied to the Consulate or the Empire. It was one of those intransigent Republicans that, for 15 years, Fouche's police monitor, plug, intimidate, persecute and sometimes kill. If Lakanal not find a publisher for his manuscript, we expect that pressures on police printers there were no strangers!
An ideological obstacle dissuaded from all allegiance to the Emperor. The Concordat concluded July 15, 1801 between Pope Pius VII and Bonaparte, First Consul of France gave the churches formerly refractory priests, but rejected all of the priests 'jurors' outside the Catholic Church. So all those who followed the Rev. Father Gregoire and Font were disowned by both the Republic and by Rome! Jansenism never recovered from this blow, but the Church is then cut to the left and center, it should pay dearly.
Lakanal At least he agreed to be the principal or the Attorney-manager of one of the four main schools of Paris, the Lycée Bonaparte, now of Sydney, in the district of Causeway 'Antin. But he left this office as soon as 1809, only remaining member of the Institute. Nobody knows why, but we can speculate. It was in 1808 that Napoleon appointed the first Grand Master of the University of the Marquis Louis Fontanes, royalist, Catholic and friend of René de Chateaubriand, which leases at length in his Mémoires d'Outre-Tombe, without ever naming Lakanal . Contemporaries saw where the Church took its revenge in 1762 and 1789, returning to dominate the teaching. Lakanal have wanted to protest by resigning. At least one would have pushed the door ...
The shift to the right of the empire should not stick to this gesture. But soon the divorce of the Emperor with Josephine de Beauharnais in 1809 and his remarriage in 1810 with the Austrian princess Marie-Louise cut any enlightened Europe, displaying his rallying staff to these tyrants "that lampooned by Mehul's" Chant du Depart ". Historian John J. Tulard the Austrian marriage, by alienating the Enlightenment to Napoleon without him reconcile the allies, was the error of his reign, which prepared the fall.
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The Restoration of Louis XVIII in 1814 started with revenge. A law of 12 January 1815, Article 7 provides that "regicide" would be excluded for life in the kingdom as "enemies of France." Marc Vadier and the painter Louis David went into exile in Belgium. Lazare Carnot in Germany. The minister of police was searching Decazes Lakanal.
First the prefect of Ariege confounded with his brother John, a surgeon from Serres-sur-Arget, who died January 26, 1816. As the man remained missing, a campaign of hatred and calumnies poured out against the former priest and professor of the Fathers of Christian Doctrine, who had denied his faith, broken vows, burnt his letters of priesthood. He criticized the king's death and the attack on the memory of Conde, double sacrilege. The opinion was crying when the fate of refractory priests and anathematizing their tormentors. We must still remember in 1836 became famous Lamartine by Jocelyn's, vast poem in memory of refractories, before turn tail and conquer even more popularity with his History of the Girondins, extolling the treaty, but in 1847.
However Lakanal Joseph embarked upon in January 1816 for the United States of America. Presumably it was on the board of Marie de la Fayette, leader of the liberal nobility, who had kept intelligence overseas. Having emigrated from 1792 to 1800, the Marquis de Lafayette could not be disturbed, he was even Liberal MP in the lower house under the Restoration.
Lafayette Lakanal recommended to Thomas Jefferson, the very man who, U.S. president between 1801 and 1809, had purchased the Louisiana territory from France. We conceded to a political refugee area in Alabama, then gave him the presidency of the University of Louisiana. But this slave state could long tolerate a rival of Father Gregory? Smallholdings ariégeoises plantations of the Old South, there is an ocean! In 1823, married Marie Barbe Lakanal Francis, perhaps a "Cajun", and adopted her daughter. Then the couple spent seven years in Kentucky, settled some time in North Carolina, ascended the Missouri to the Rocky Mountains ... But Lakanal wife died and his daughter married an American.
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In France, the revolution of 1830 instituted the constitutional monarchy with Louis Philippe and the tricolor. The rehabilitation of the revolutionaries began. By 1834, the Royal Institute of France recognized the quality Lakanal Joseph Dean, since he was a member from its inception in 1795. This allowed him to enter into correspondence with the great scholars of the new time, including the evolutionary theorist Etienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, who was his friend.
In May 1837 the king granted political amnesty. Joseph Lakanal soon returned to Paris to house the new 31 Rue des Fosses-Saint-Martin house he lived in Year II, but the digging of the Boulevard Saint Martin wiped out.
Yet remained a handsome man, and fellow attached to the fair sex, Lakanal married, December 20, 1842, Rosalie Lepolletier Celeste, who bore him a son. Born July 14, 1762, Lakanal became father at age 81, his wife did with only thirty! Unfortunately he had to pass away soon after February 14, 1845 in Paris, in his new home in the Rue Saint-Antoine. His grave is at the Pere Lachaise cemetery.
Those who doubt his actual paternity might have wrong, for his widow, he was faithful to the heart until death. She even hosted her home, rue de l'Abbe de l'Epee, his nephew by marriage. The surgeon Lacanal John, who died in 1816, left a son, who was mayor from Serres-sur-Arget under the July Monarchy, and whose son went to Paris to live with the widow of his great-uncle Joseph.
Rosalie Lakanal disappeared in 1880 and was buried with Joseph in Pere Lachaise. Their son died himself in 1882, without issue.
But Rosalie Lakanal told a scholarly manuscripts left by the conventional, and have disappeared, including his treatise on political economy and a history of the revolution.
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Often fame is posthumous. The Third Republic, who had both heart develop, modernize and secularize education public, was in a great ancestor Lakanal as a foreshadowing of Jules Ferry. In the 1950s, on the banks of the schools I taught like other students, but ignoring its origin Ariege, the father of public education called Lakanal. I know now that the story was still a bit more complicated ...
Jules Ferry remained Minister of Education from 1879 to 1883 and premier from 1883 to 1885. It's on his report that primary education became secular, free and compulsory by law in 1881, 1882 and 1886. At the same time, religious congregations found themselves deprived of the right to teach, by measuring strangely symmetrical to the expulsion of the Jesuits in 1762. In 1879, the ultimate failure of Moral Order in 1905, the law separating church and state, anti-clericalism was in full swing for the control of education.
Effectively orchestrated a huge media campaign to celebrate the memory of Joseph Lakanal. Scientists, publicists, politicians, teachers, officials gave the paean written or oral. A committee was formed in Paris under the chairmanship of Pascal Duprat, MP of the Seine, to draw up a statue to the great man. A national appeal was launched, to which the department of Ariege participated for 10 000 F. The Catholic press thought, for its part, a defrocked priest and an atheist was unworthy of the honor of the French. Preaching demanded excommunication posthumous such a monster. Finally, the inauguration of the bronze monument took place on September 24, 1882 Villote aisles at Foix, where he remains under the chairmanship of the Minister of Education and Fine Arts Duveau, with Mayor Barrau and MP Massip with a great crowd of journalists and people. Paul Janet represented the Institute.
Today, Paris honors Lakanal a street in the 15th arrondissement, near the metro station Commerce and City Seals gave his name to his school, for that matter the most famous.
Bibliography
Abbé Henri Duclos: History Ariégeois
Raymond Carol: A gifted Ariégeois Joseph Lacanal (Lacour-Chapman)
Guides blue of Paris and the Midi-Pyrenees
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